The recent Democratic primary election for the mayor of New York City, which resulted in the victory of Zohran Mamdani, sparked a wave of commentary portraying the outcome as a victory for immigrants and minorities against the "traditional political establishment." While this interpretation reflects part of the story, it is not sufficient to explain the profound social changes that have reshaped American politics over recent decades.
The American political landscape is often reduced to a simple narrative: the Democratic Party represents the poor and minorities, while the Republican Party represents the wealthy and white voters. However, a closer look at electoral data spanning several decades suggests that this picture is far less accurate than is commonly assumed.
American Politics Has Changed Repeatedly
Data from the World Political Cleavages and Inequality Database (WPID), a research project involving several scholars, including economist Thomas Piketty, show that the social coalitions supporting America's two major parties have undergone significant changes since the end of the Second World War.
Political parties do not maintain the same electoral base indefinitely. Likewise, voters continuously adjust their political preferences in response to economic, social, and cultural change. As a result, interpreting today's elections through contemporary stereotypes can easily lead to misleading conclusions.
Education Has Become One of the Strongest Predictors of Voting
One of the most important long-term developments in American politics has been the changing relationship between educational attainment and party affiliation.
In the 1948 presidential election, the Democratic Party enjoyed stronger support among less educated voters, while more highly educated Americans were generally more likely to support the Republican Party. This pattern gradually reversed over the following decades.
By the 2016 election, Hillary Clinton won approximately 75% of voters holding doctoral degrees, while Democratic support among less educated voters had declined substantially compared with the middle of the twentieth century.
Democratic vote by diploma, U.S. 1948-2016
% of vote for the Democratic candidate, by education level
Source: T. Piketty, Capital and Ideology (2020), Figure 15.2 — World Political Cleavages and Inequality Database (WPID), piketty.pse.ens.fr/ideology.
This does not mean that all college graduates became Democrats or that all less educated voters became Republicans. Rather, educational attainment has become a much stronger predictor of voting behaviour than it was in previous generations.
Ethnicity Alone Does Not Explain Voting Behaviour
The Democratic Party is frequently described as the natural political home of ethnic minorities and immigrants. While this description largely applies to African American voters, who have overwhelmingly supported the Democratic Party for decades, the picture is more diverse among other groups.
In the 2016 election, approximately 64% of Hispanic voters supported the Democratic Party. While this represents a clear majority, it also means that more than one-third voted for the Republican Party or other candidates.
Democratic vote by ethnic group, U.S. 1948-2016
% of vote for the Democratic candidate, by ethnic group
Source: T. Piketty, Capital and Ideology (2020), Figure 15.7 — World Political Cleavages and Inequality Database (WPID), piketty.pse.ens.fr/ideology.
These figures suggest that ethnicity influences voting behaviour, but it does not determine it automatically. Religion, income, education, geographic location, and many other factors also play an important role.
Are Republicans Still the Party of the Wealthy?
One of the most widespread assumptions is that the Republican Party consistently represents the interests of the wealthy, while the Democratic Party represents working-class and lower-income voters. Historical evidence, however, reveals a more complex relationship between income and political preferences.
In the 1964 presidential election, most low-income voters supported the Democratic Party, whereas Democratic support was much weaker among higher-income households.
By 2016, however, a majority of voters belonging to the highest 10% of the income distribution leaned toward the Democratic Party, while Republicans had strengthened their support among parts of the working class and among less educated voters, particularly in rural areas and former industrial regions.
Democratic vote by income, U.S. — 1964 vs 2016
% of vote for the Democratic candidate, by income decile (simplified two-year comparison; full 1948-2016 series available from the source)
Source: T. Piketty, Capital and Ideology (2020), Figure 15.5 — World Political Cleavages and Inequality Database (WPID), piketty.pse.ens.fr/ideology.
This does not imply that the Democratic Party has become "the party of the rich" or that Republicans have become "the party of the poor." Rather, it shows that the traditional relationship between income and party affiliation is no longer as straightforward as it was several decades ago.
Political History Is More Complex Than Popular Narratives
Another common mistake is to project today's political alignments onto the entirety of American history.
The Republican Party, under the leadership of Abraham Lincoln, led the abolition of slavery during the American Civil War. Meanwhile, until the mid-twentieth century, the Democratic Party included a large segment of the conservative Southern political establishment that opposed expanding civil rights for African Americans.
The 1960s, however, marked a major political realignment. Following the Civil Rights Movement and the subsequent transformation of party coalitions, the social and electoral bases of both parties changed dramatically compared with those of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century.
For this reason, describing one party simply as "the party of racists" or the other as "the party of minorities" ignores the historical evolution of the American political system and reduces a complex political process to an overly simplistic narrative.
American Elections Cannot Be Explained by a Single Factor
Electoral research consistently shows that voting behaviour in the United States results from the interaction of numerous factors, including income, education, ethnicity, religion, age, occupation, and place of residence, as well as substantial differences between states and between urban and rural areas.
Consequently, any attempt to explain election outcomes through a single variable, whether race, income, or education, inevitably provides an incomplete picture of political reality.
Conclusion
The American experience demonstrates that electoral coalitions are not fixed. They evolve alongside economic, social, and cultural transformations. Understanding election outcomes therefore requires examining long-term empirical evidence rather than relying on political slogans or widely shared impressions on social media.
Databases such as the World Political Cleavages and Inequality Database (WPID) provide researchers with valuable tools for analysing the relationship between social characteristics and voting behaviour over time. Developing similar databases in countries such as Tunisia could also help researchers and policymakers better understand electoral change through empirical evidence rather than public perceptions or political narratives.
This article was originally written in Arabic. The English translation was produced partially with the help of AI.