Tunisia's National Institute of Statistics has recently released the final results of the General Population and Housing Census, one of the country's most important sources of information for understanding demographic trends and guiding public policy.
Population structure is one of the main determinants of economic growth, labour market dynamics, saving and consumption patterns, public finance pressures, and the sustainability of pension and healthcare systems. For this reason, international institutions such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the United Nations rely heavily on demographic indicators when assessing countries' economic prospects.
The latest census presents a mixed picture. On the one hand, Tunisia still enjoys a significant demographic opportunity that could support long-term economic growth. On the other hand, population ageing is becoming increasingly pronounced, highlighting the need for early planning and structural reforms.
Tunisia's population across censuses, 1994–2024
Million inhabitants, General Population and Housing Census (RGPH) results
Source: National Institute of Statistics (INS), census results 1994, 2004, 2014 and 2024 (RGPH), as published by INS and compiled in Forum Ibn Khaldoun's October 2025 review of the 2024 census.
First: Positive Indicators
Tunisia Still Has a Demographic Window of Opportunity
According to the latest census results, people aged 25 to 54 account for around 35% of Tunisia's total population.
This age group forms the backbone of any economy, as it includes the largest share of the labour force and contributes the most to production, consumption, savings, investment, and tax revenues.
In development economics, this stage is known as the demographic dividend, a period during which the share of the working-age population is relatively high compared with children and older people. This demographic advantage played an important role in accelerating the economic growth of several Asian economies, including South Korea, Singapore, and China, when it was accompanied by investments in education, industrialisation, and job creation.
- Definition
- A period in a country's demographic transition when the working-age population (typically 15–64) grows large relative to children and older dependents, temporarily lowering the overall dependency burden.
- Why it matters
- It is a window of opportunity, not a guarantee: the same age structure that boosted growth in South Korea and Singapore has coincided with stagnation elsewhere, depending on whether it was matched by investment in education, industrialisation and job creation.
However, a demographic dividend does not automatically translate into economic growth. The United Nations' World Population Ageing 2023 report emphasises that a large working-age population represents a window of opportunity, not a guarantee of growth. The benefits depend on a country's ability to create productive jobs, invest in human capital, and raise productivity. Likewise, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) report Programming the Demographic Dividend: From Theory to Experience (2018) argues that countries that fail to accompany demographic change with reforms in education, healthcare, and labour markets risk missing this opportunity before it generates meaningful economic gains.
For Tunisia, the main challenge is therefore to transform this large working-age population into a productive economic force by improving the investment climate, creating higher value-added jobs, and aligning the education and training system with labour market needs. Only under these conditions can the country's current demographic advantage translate into sustainable economic growth rather than becoming a source of unemployment and social pressures.
Continued Demographic Transition
The average Tunisian household now consists of 3.45 members, reflecting the continuation of the demographic transition that began several decades ago. Smaller household sizes are typically associated with declining fertility rates, higher levels of female education, later marriage, and improvements in healthcare, all of which are common characteristics of countries undergoing demographic transition.
This trend has several positive economic implications. On the one hand, it helps ease pressure on essential public services such as education, healthcare, and housing, as demand for these services grows more gradually than in countries experiencing rapid population growth. On the other hand, smaller households reduce the need for larger homes, which can lower housing, furnishing, and maintenance costs and make homeownership or renting more affordable and better suited to households' financial capacity.
Moreover, having fewer children allows families to devote a larger share of their income to each child's education and health. Over the long term, this contributes to improving the quality of human capital and increasing labour productivity, both of which are key drivers of sustainable economic growth.
Tunisia's age structure across censuses, 1994–2024
Share of the population by broad age group, %
Source: National Institute of Statistics (INS). 1994/2004/2014 shares from the RGPH 2014 official summary table; 2024 shares are the author's calculation from the 60+ share (16.9%) and ageing index (73.9%) published in INS's RGPH 2024 results.
Second: Indicators That Require Early Preparation
Population Ageing Is Becoming a Reality
The latest census shows that Tunisia's ageing index has reached 73.9%, one of the highest levels recorded in the country's history. This indicator means that the number of older adults is gradually approaching the number of children, reflecting declining fertility rates and rising life expectancy.
- Definition
- The number of people aged 60 and over per 100 children under 15.
- Formula
- Ageing index = (population 60+ ÷ population 0–14) × 100
- Interpretation
- A rising index means the population is shifting from a young, pyramid-shaped structure toward one with more balanced or larger older cohorts. Tunisia's index has risen from about 24% in 1994 to nearly 74% in 2024.
Population ageing is not inherently a negative development. In many respects, it reflects improvements in healthcare and longer life expectancy. However, its economic consequences become increasingly significant if public policies fail to adapt to this demographic shift.
As the share of older people increases, pressure on pension systems and healthcare services grows, while the expansion of the labour force slows. Unless accompanied by higher productivity or increased labour force participation, these trends can weigh on long-term economic growth. For this reason, population ageing has become one of the most important economic challenges facing advanced economies such as Japan, Italy, and Germany, all of which have introduced pension reforms and policies to encourage greater labour market participation among older workers and women.
For Tunisia, these indicators suggest that there is still time to prepare for this demographic transition. However, the cost of reform is likely to increase the longer policymakers delay the necessary adjustments.
What Does the Dependency Ratio Mean?
Tunisia's demographic dependency ratio stands at approximately 27.9%, meaning that for every 100 people of working age, there are about 28 people outside the working-age population, either children or older adults.
- Definition
- The number of people aged 60 and over per 100 people of working age (15–59).
- Formula
- Dependency ratio = (population 60+ ÷ population 15–59) × 100
- Interpretation
- It measures the economic weight older adults place on the working-age population, not unemployment. A higher ratio typically means more pressure on pensions and healthcare spending relative to the size of the active workforce.
It is important to note that this indicator does not measure the number of employed or unemployed people. Instead, it reflects the demographic burden placed on the working-age population.
Although Tunisia's dependency ratio remains lower than that of many advanced economies, a future increase could have important economic implications.
First, households tend to allocate a larger share of their income to essential consumption, such as food, healthcare, and education. As a result, their capacity to save declines, limiting both household and private investment.
Second, higher dependency burdens reduce families' ability to accumulate wealth. Purchasing a home, starting a business, or financing children's education becomes more difficult, particularly for young adults at the beginning of their careers.
Third, public finances come under greater pressure as governments are required to devote more resources to healthcare, pensions, and social protection. This may reduce the fiscal space available for productive public investment in infrastructure, education, and scientific research.
Economic research suggests that a rising dependency ratio does not necessarily lead to slower economic growth. However, it does require the economy to achieve greater productivity gains in order to maintain the same pace of long-term growth.
The ageing index and old-age dependency ratio, 1994–2024
Both indicators defined in the boxes above
Author's calculation from INS age-structure data (see the population chart above for the underlying source). The 2024 values (73.9% and 27.9%) match the figures published directly by INS in the RGPH 2024 results.
The Real Challenge Is Not the Indicators, but the Data
While the census results provide valuable insights into Tunisia's demographic trends, they also reveal an institutional challenge that is just as important as the demographic indicators themselves.
The previous population census was conducted in 2014, meaning that for an entire decade, policymakers relied on a database that gradually became outdated, despite significant changes in migration, fertility, the labour market, and the country's age structure during that period.
It is true that the United Nations recommends conducting a population census every ten years. However, modern economies do not rely on the census alone when designing public policies. Instead, they complement it with statistical systems that produce updated data on a continuous basis.
In France, for example, the National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE) publishes monthly, quarterly, and annual statistics on population, employment, prices, income, and migration, while demographic estimates are updated regularly. Similarly, Morocco's High Commission for Planning (HCP) releases frequent data on the labour market, unemployment, and demographic trends, enabling policymakers to adjust public policies using up-to-date information.
In Tunisia, however, there is still a need to strengthen the national statistical system by making it more regular, independent, and capable of producing timely data on population, migration, employment, income, and labour market developments. Such information should also be made readily available to researchers and policymakers.
No employment policy can be properly evaluated without current labour market data. Likewise, pension reform requires accurate demographic projections, and efficient public investment depends on reliable information about where people live and what their needs are.
For this reason, statistics should not be viewed as a purely administrative activity, but as a fundamental pillar of sound economic governance. The more reliable, timely, and comprehensive the data, the better governments can design, evaluate, and adjust public policies, reducing the risk of making decisions based on outdated or incomplete information.
This article was originally written in Arabic. The English translation was produced partially with the help of AI.